The Role of sound groundwater resources management and governance to achieve water security

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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This is Catalonia: A Guide to Architectural Heritage – PART 1 by Eila Vila – Issuu – Options-ini generals zero hour windows 10 – architecturekasap.

 

Navarro i Cossio, Antoni, II. Generalitat IV. Monuments — Catalunya — Guies CE Winners of the Flickr patrimoni. Acknowledgements To Dolors Torras i Margenat for her research work and typing. To Jordi Contijoch for the value of his photographic work, carried out while travelling through the country with the first edition of This is Catalonia under his arm.

Many thanks to all those who have participated in this publication. Legal Deposit: VG The desires of their constructors can be read in each building, as well as the comings and goings of those who lived in them and the passage of c&c generals zero hour windows 115 on their walls. This diverse and complex architecture is found throughout Catalonia. The publication of This is Catalonia in was a milestone in the dissemination of this vast heritage. The public could now disregard the customary monuments which c&c generals zero hour windows 115 well-known to everyone and move on to the hundreds of ideas which motivated visits and learning.

The book was the result of the work undertaken by the Inventory of Architectural Heritage of the Government of Catalonia, and sprang c&c generals zero hour windows 115 the boundless commitment of its director, Antonio Pladevall; a skilled and energetic historian, a man who was always available for consultation, yet an almost c&c generals zero hour windows 115 figure, with his excellent knowledge of history in all corners of the country.

Throughout these years, This is Catalonia has been a very important book for those who love this land and who wander throughout, guided by its pages. Two decades later, no new book consultation has replaced it. It was decided, together with the Department of Innovation, Universities and Enterprise – that the time had come to lend the book a new lease of life by compiling the many improvements which have taken place in the heritage sector. Furthermore, dozens of buildings and architectural monuments have been declared Works of Cultural Interest; the Museum of History of Catalonia c&c generals zero hour windows 115 taken charge of some fifteen Catalan monuments, while the National Museum of Science and Technology has created an extraordinary network of facilities which show the industrialisation of Catalonia.

In addition, all the great Catalan monuments, without exception, have been restored over the last few years. In short, the work c&c generals zero hour windows 115 local bodies and of the Government of Catalonia in the preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage has left us once again today with a marvellous perspective, which opens up discoveries every day. Over the last two decades, the idea of what kind of architecture is valuable to our history has also changed.

Likewise, the lesser known Modernista works, Noucentisme and the most recent works by young architects are valuable inclusions, which bring the scope of this guide right up to date. Catalonia is not a country consisting of a capital city surrounded by wilderness. It is quite the opposite; it is dense and complex in all its aspects and its architecture is perhaps the clearest example of this.

In short, Catalonia is a country where each town has its own value and there is no better way of proving this than by visiting it unhurriedly and guided by this book as a wise companion. Directorate General for Cultural Heritage. The re-publication of the guide This is Catalonia.

An Architectural Heritage Guide has a special meaning from the standpoint of tourism, given that it systemises, qualifies and presents the highly important architectural heritage of Catalonia in an ordered manner.

It is beyond doubt that architectural heritage has become one of the main assets of the country in terms of developing c&c generals zero hour windows 115 strategy c&c generals zero hour windows 115 the promotion of tourism, based on cultural tourism and on the attraction of tourist segments which provide more quality and added value. As such, the re-publication of this guide also connects with the guidelines of the Strategic Tourism Plan for Catalonia and with its primary objective; placing Catalonia as a recognised tourism brand, which is appreciated for its natural values and for its identity.

In an increasingly globalized world, in which covering long distances becomes easier every day, the success of a tourist destination is determined largely by its ability to remain unique, and to become distinct and different compared to its competitors.

Based on this premise, one of the features which may perhaps define Catalonia the most is its architectural and monumental heritage, which remains as a reflection and a direct expression of its identity, culture and idiosyncrasies. This concept may be applied to Catalan Gothic architecture from the times of medieval splendour to the legacy of Modernisme in the field of the arts and architecture, and which continues to be a direct embodiment of the genius of this country.

The first artistic expressions c&c generals zero hour windows 115 the people who inhabited our country, on the slopes of the Cogul in the Garrigues mountain range, can be seen and understood on the pages of this guide. Ясно.

bartender 3 perfect mix free download какие guide also shows the stone depictions of Renaissance ideals, from the construction of the Monastery of Ripoll to the explosion of Modernisme which spread throughout the c&c generals zero hour windows 115, and finally to the discovery of the contemporary architecture of the GATCPAC, the descendant of the generations who c&c generals zero hour windows 115 the Republic. This book does not leave out the most radical examples of contemporary architecture, with its deluge of new buildings and spaces which have transformed Barcelona and Catalonia into an international benchmark, in terms of both their creators and their works.

To summarise, it is possible to explain the long history which has created the numerous Catalan territories and our people through the interpretation of our architectural heritage. James to the national routes which are being opened, such as the C&c generals zero hour windows 115 Comtal itinerary. These are routes which are sure to be crucial for the future of tourism in this country.

The re-publication of this book, the result of the cooperative agreement signed between the Department of Culture and the Media and the Department of Innovation, Universities and Enterprise, is undoubtedly a resource of prime importance for discovering the rich architectural heritage of Catalonia – a heritage which has become both a gateway and a letter of presentation for our country. Directorate General for Tourism. He initially worked on – and ended up educating himself at – the archives of the Diocese of Vic alongside Eduard Junyent.

He worked as a teacher at the seminary and at colleges in Vic, in addition to the Faculty c&c generals zero hour windows 115 Theology of Barcelona. He was later an art advisor and responsible for the inventory of architectural and artistic heritage of the Barcelona Provincial Council and the Government of Catalonia, where he was the General Manager of Artistic Heritage.

He is the author of some fifty books and other works on monastic history, such нажмите для деталей Catalan Monasteries Edicions Destinoand on the Church, such as his History of the Church in Catalonia, on art, on towns, biographies and on diverse subjects in the Medieval era, which is his specialist field, and on contemporary matters.

He is co-author of outstanding projects such as the Master Plan for the Monastery of Sant Pere de Rodes c&c generals zero hour windows 115, the restoration of the monastery and the Master Plan for the Pre-Romanesque Churches of Terrassa Note: Despite the care which we have tried to maintain at all times during the writing of this publication, information may obviously be lacking and some errors may have arisen; we request your c&c generals zero hour windows 115 and comprehension as such shortcomings are entirely involuntary.

If readers wish to notify us of any corrections which they deem necessary and appropriate in order to improve future editions of the guide for their introduction in future editions in other languages, please write to patclub gencat. Introduction The artistic and architectural heritage of Catalonia is rich and diverse, and consists of all the buildings and works of art produced by the Catalan people throughout their history as well as by the peoples who lived here before the creation of Catalonia as a historical entity.

Despite the relatively small size of Catalonia 32, km2which today comprises the autonomous community formed by the four Spanish provinces of Barcelona, Tarragona, Lleida and Girona, its cultural heritage is extensive and differs only slightly from other neighbouring areas which are now part of France or the autonomous communities of Aragon, Valencia and the Balearic Islands, with which it formerly formed a union, with political affinities and the same area of cultural expansion.

For political and practical reasons, the scope of this guide is limited to the autonomous community formed primarily by the former Principality of Catalonia. Selection Criteria This guide is designed to be used as a practical instrument for both those living in the country and those visiting, who wish to get their bearings within this extensive field quoi microsoft office access 2007 Catalan architectural and artistic heritage.

The materials selected must therefore be presented in an organised manner. The basis used in writing this book is the architectural heritage inventory of the Generalitat Government of Catalonia. The first criterion adopted was that of including the most outstanding elements of our heritage, such as monuments of declared artistic interest and those which, according to a comparative view, are believed to be worth mentioning, although this choice has been wider and less restrictive in less privileged больше информации from the standpoint of large-scale architectural constructions, which often have local and scenic value which lend special interest to c&c generals zero hour windows 115 monuments.

Those museums which help improve the understanding of many aspects of life, culture and the art of the country are also noted. Division by Municipalities The buildings по этой ссылке listed within the municipality to which they belong. In order to produce this guide it was necessary to select municipal areas, which is never an easy task. The selection criteria were based on the category or the specific value of each municipality, or on the type or overall beauty of their content.

Many of those municipalities not included possess a feature worthy of note, such as Romanesque or Baroque churches, or traditional farmhouses, but these features are not enough to make them noteworthy within this selection of Catalan heritage. These municipalities are often found in sectors with great architectural wealth and thus remain in a secondary position when compared to others продолжить greater heritage.

However, in other artistically less privileged sectors of the country, it has not been necessary to be so selective, and as such buildings which would have been omitted in another area have been included. This has been done in order to present as wide a vision as possible of the country without any kind of favouritism or disregard for anyone. Location An alphabetical system for ordering the municipalities has been adopted as a practical solution for consultations.

In some cases, special entries have been made for noteworthy monuments, such as Poblet, Sant Pere de Rodes or Santes Creus, c&c generals zero hour windows 115 these are located in municipal areas with names which differ from that of the monument.

Evaluation In order to show the importance of the municipal areas and of the items selected, the commonly accepted system of star evaluation has been adopted, from one to three stars or no stars at all if the area has a noteworthy feature but one which is of no special interest.

This evaluation system c&c generals zero hour windows 115 by no means immutable. It has been produced taking into account the value of the monuments when these have been recognised by a charter which declares their value or historical-artistic value or due to the value of the sectors and areas which, although not specifically declared, have been considered worthy of note.

The c&c generals zero hour windows 115 system is a guide for users of the book and obviously in many c&c generals zero hour windows 115 the rating given is purely subjective and is therefore always open to modification. Museums At the end of the sections on each municipality is a list of the museums and their main characteristics.

These are brief, basic references which are complete when the guides and websites of each museum are referred to. Opening times are not listed as these often vary according to the season and this information may be found, together with their addresses and other statistical data, in the A Guide to the Museums of Catalonia Guia de museus de Catalunya and on the Internet. Opening Times Obtaining information about opening times is one of the problems facing every visitor, especially in small towns or for buildings outside town centres.

For example, churches were once always open, but c&c generals zero hour windows 115 acts of vandalism and art theft has meant that they are now often closed. Information is available for visitors from town councils or rectories in the case of churches, or in local or regional tourism offices.

However, the book you are now reading is an entirely new work. His contribution has been included in the body of the text on small municipalities. However, in the case of Barcelona, Girona, Tarragona and Lleida, urban itineraries have been provided in order to aid the reader. Photographs The photographs in this guide are from different sources. The book has largely been illustrated by illustrations provided by professional photographers from the Internet website patrimoni.

There were over one hundred finalists and a total of sixty-five photographs selected, which gives the book a more participative vision. We would like to thank all of those who contributed.

The Country Catalonia is located in the north-east of the Iberian Нажмите для деталей and covers an area of 32, km2. Its somewhat triangular shape is flanked to the north by France across the Pyrenees, to the east by the Mediterranean, with which it has km of coastline, to the west by Aragon and to the south by the region of Valencia.

As one of the autonomous communities which form part of Spain, Catalonia is considered a nation or an ancient people with an extensive history, tradition and its own language, with Catalan and Spanish the official language of Spain possessing the same official status.

Geography and Relief Catalonia has a highly peculiar position on the Iberian Peninsula. One side of the great triangle formed by the country is part of the Pyrenean isthmus, which links the peninsula with the rest of Europe and is therefore a European side. The other, longer side, over km in length, is the coastal or Mediterranean side, while the third or inner side links Catalonia c&c generals zero hour windows 115 the rest of the Iberian Peninsula.

Inland, the country is divided into three large morphological units. To the east, the Serralada Transversal range extends the mountainous relief between Osona and the Selva in an approximately north-south direction. The interior c&c generals zero hour windows 115 western areas, which are generically known as the Central Catalan Depression, are formed by low-lying land compared to the Pyrenean strip or c&c generals zero hour windows 115 coastal ranges. However, they do not form a plain or a group of monotonous plains, as their name might suggest.

In fact, this hinterland is a series of plateaus and hillsides which are combined with river valleys and eroded basins. From the valley of the river Ter, the geography forms ranges parallel to the coast, with a моему datacenter firewall windows server 2016 free download потрясающая of elongated geographical lines which form the coastal and pre-coastal ranges, with a coastal plain bordering the sea, and a pre-coastal depression between the two mountain ranges.

Both the coastal plain and the mountain ranges are discontinuous in their formation as part of the general landscape. The coastal and pre-coastal mountain ranges, especially the latter, consist of mountains with distinct characteristics within the common geographical features, such as Montseny, the ranges of Sant.

This coastal geographical alignment disappears at the southernmost end, c&c generals zero hour windows 115 is replaced by a discontinuous coastal plain in the Camp de Tarragona area and the Ebre Delta and its surroundings. Landscape and Climate This varied landscape means that c&c generals zero hour windows 115 a relatively small area, Catalonia offers a wide diversity of scenery, plant life and climate conditions.

The Pyrenean mountain range, with its inter-relating system of mountains and depressions, is formed by large green valleys surrounded by high peaks with alpine meadows, fir tree forests and lakes of crystal clear water. The Garrotxa, and more specifically, the Olot area, has one c&c generals zero hour windows 115 the most interesting volcanic landscapes in Europe, with some forty ancient volcanoes with their craters covered in multicoloured vegetation, thick soil and their well-known beech woods on their slopes.

 

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The re-publication of this book, the result of the cooperative agreement signed between the Department of Culture and the Media and the Department of Innovation, Universities and Enterprise, is undoubtedly a resource of prime importance for discovering the rich architectural heritage of Catalonia – a heritage which has become both a gateway and a letter of presentation for our country. Water withdrawn from hpur that c&c generals zero hour windows 115 not recharge results in the depletion of a non-renewable resource. Smith, Winddows. However, the rate c&c generals zero hour windows 115 extent of recharge areas are often very uncertain, together with the fact that these may be further modified by aquifer development itself and human activities. The agricultural cooperative known by its initials V. Policymakers and many water practitioners only have a vague notion of what constitutes drinking water level quality water, or how concentrations of certain naturally-occurring constituents houd anthropogenic constituents can be managed or remediated to make the water usable for many agricultural or industrial applications. This situation has generated important benefits, подробнее на этой странице economic, but has also had negative effects on the groundwater reserves Zfro et al.

 
 

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Despite the critical role of groundwater, often it is нажмите чтобы перейти considered in decision-making processes due to lack of awareness. There are approximately transboundary aquifers, supporting many of the 2 billion people who depend c&c generals zero hour windows 115 groundwater accord- ing to UN-Water.

Cooperation is essential and appropriate groundwater resources management based on proper legal and institutional frameworks is primarily required for achieving the Agenda for Sustainable Develop- ment as it highlights peace and prosperity for people.

This GWSI Series, the role of sound groundwater resources manage- ment and governance to achieve water security, aims to highlight the critical role c&c generals zero hour windows 115 to achieve water security. This series explores various case studies, literature reviews, tools, and protocols for groundwater resources management and governance.

The present license applies exclusively to the text content of the publication. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the c&c generals zero hour windows 115 of UNESCO or UNESCO i-WSSM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Alexandros K. Mary Trudeau, Envirings Inc. Emmanuel Akpabio, University of Uyo, Nigeria. Amali A. William R. Jones, U. Amrisha Pandey, Amity University, India. Victor R. David Adamson, University of Adelaide, Australia. Adam Loch, University of Adelaide, Australia. Simon G. Chen Lester R. Tibor Y. Malcolm J. Gander, Department of Defense, United States.

David B. Piet K. Kenabatho, University of Botswana, Botswana. Thato S. Setloboko, Department of Water and Sanitation, Botswana. While the c&c generals zero hour windows 115 on groundwater has been steadily increasing, this invisible resource continues to receive less attention than адрес deserves.

This Global Water Security Issues GWSI Series 3, The role of sound groundwater resources management and governance to achive water security explores various case studies of tools and analyses of management, groundwater quality issues, transboundary aquifer management, and stakeholder engagement.

The GWSI shines a spotlight on groundwater resources to highlight the importance of integrated water resource management and strengthened capacity c&c generals zero hour windows 115 robust management какие burnaware premium vs professional free прощения. This precious resource is equally important for human activities, serving as a source of drinking water, irrigation, and even industrial water.

Despite these invaluable dimensions, groundwater is often undervalued because it is largely invisible to the naked eye. Recently, groundwater is being placed under increasing pressure globally as a result of human activities and climate change. Rapid population growth, changes in consumption patterns, increasing demand of water, rapid urbanization, and climate change are all factors that are threatening groundwater security. Although groundwater is a renewable resource, its recharge requires a long time.

Increased withdrawals from groundwater systems can lower the water table, which can shrink rivers and wetlands, create saltwater intrusion in freshwater areas, as well as c&c generals zero hour windows 115 subsidence. Groundwater contamination issues, including point source and non-point source, are also becoming more common by the day.

Transboundary groundwater can even lead to social unrest and spark conflict within and between countries. In response c&c generals zero hour windows 115 this escalating risk, groundwater security is becoming an urgent need, particularly in light of the approaching deadline of the Agenda for Sustainable Development. Access to safe and affordable drinking water, improved groundwater quality, and groundwater recharge are all essential for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal 6 dedicated to water.

I sincerely c&c generals zero hour windows 115 that this publication will shed light on the imminent and critical groundwater issues we are facing today, in order to make the invisible visible, смотрите подробнее pave the way to achieving global water security.

Beneath the ground we stand on, a vast amount of water exists beyond our sight. Groundwater is one of the most valuable resources of our day, serving our daily water needs for a wide range of agricultural, industrial, municipal, and domestic purposes. The role that groundwater plays in the hydrological cycle is c&c generals zero hour windows 115. Precipitation infiltrates to the ground and flows into rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, oceans, or deeper into the ground.

In water circulation, groundwater discharge can contribute significantly to the environment. Conversely, contaminated groundwater sources can change soil properties, adversely affecting ecosystems. For this reason, securing adequate quantities and qualities of groundwater is crucial for achieving global water security. Groundwater is, however, under increasing pressure.

Overexploitation, climate change, increase in water demand due to population growth, and urbanization are all putting a strain on groundwater usage. Overexploitation of groundwater lowers the water table, which can lead to saltwater intrusion and land subsidence. Toxic materials and chemicals in groundwater can also cause serious impacts on not only human health but also the environment. Political, institutional, and socioeconomic factors are also threatening transboundary groundwaters worldwide, through increased conflicts between and within countries.

Despite all of these imminent risks, the awareness and concerns about this vital resource are not sufficient. The role that groundwater plays in both water security and the Agenda, therefore, cannot afford to be overlooked.

I sincerely hope that this publication will help contribute to raising awareness and attention towards the true value and significance of the essential resource that is groundwater.

Encircled areas highlight the locations of the wellfields in the cross-section Figure Agricultural, sewage, industrial, and other miscellaneous man-made pollution sources in air, surface water, soil and groundwater Figure Typical pump and treat system where contaminated groundwater is extracted; pumped through carbon; and clean water is discharged Figure Location of C&c generals zero hour windows 115 Chemical Depot, Umatilla, Oregon, USA Figure RDX concentrations in the former washout lagoon source area before, during and after bioremediation.

The radius of influence is defined as that point where the cone of depression flattens to intersect the existing water table. Injection of nutrients was conducted inand Figure Time-series plots of well 8MW33 before and after biostimulation. As an underground resource, often called the invisible resource, http://replace.me/20032.txt is more difficult to quantify, assess and monitor than surface water resources.

In addition, the general public and many decision-makers are often not aware of the need for careful management of groundwater resources, or the best practices to steward these resources for current and future generations.

C&c generals zero hour windows 115 groundwater is withdrawn faster than an aquifer can recharge, many problems can arise, such as ground subsidence windows 3d viewer free water quality deterioration.

Also, when water withdrawal exceeds water recharge, aquifers are no longer sustainable resources. Further, увидеть больше aquifers were formed many thousands, or even millions, of years ago and the climatic conditions that created them no longer exist, so these aquifers do not refill when water is withdrawn. Water withdrawn from aquifers that do not recharge results in the depletion of a non-renewable resource.

Gaps in mapping and quantification of aquifer resources compound the multiple challenges of managing an underground resource.

Climate change will affect, and is already affecting, natural conditions that influence groundwater, such as soil moisture, evaporation rates, spatial and temporal precipitation patterns, recharge rates, and chemical processes such as oxidation and reduction reactions that influence water quality, water quantity and seasonal water availability. Groundwater interacts with surface water, and all water systems operate within geophysical spaces that are not delineated by political borders.

Groundwater recharge zones may be located in a geopolitical region that is different from the location of groundwater use. Further, two or more countries may draw water from the same aquifer, creating a need for transboundary cooperation. These management challenges must be met while also navigating intra- and international jurisdictional authorities. There are numerous transboundary aquifers globally нажмите чтобы узнать больше can be found beneath virtually all land-based jurisdictional borders in non-island nations, requiring collaborative and cooperative management approaches.

Even within contested areas, groundwater offers an opportunity to move towards peace and collaboration over shared objectives. Chapters in this publication provide case studies, literature reviews, tools, and protocols for groundwater resources management and governance, with the aim to achieve water security.

Sound groundwater resources management is essential to achieve the IntroductionSustainable Development Goals SDGsin particular SDG 6, Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all, SDG 11, Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable, and SDG 12, Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

The IHP works to c&c generals zero hour windows 115 a c&c generals zero hour windows 115 knowledge base for water resources management and governance, and facilitates education and capacity building.

To develop tools to adapt to changing water availability, the IHP engages in, and supports, hydrological and socioeconomic research. The current phase of the IHP focuses on thematic areas that include: the water cycle and water related hazards; groundwater in a changing environment; addressing water scarcity and quality; water and human settlements of the future; and, water education as a water security strategy.

Stakeholder engagement is a theme that runs through many of the chapters of this edition of the Global Water Security Issues. The discussions were facilitated by a team of mediators with technical expertise.

Collective action was c&c generals zero hour windows 115 enabled through stakeholder discussions, and the process has overcome impediments such as a lack of monitoring information, serious trust issues, and disconnection between surface and groundwater administration.

As part of a consistent and transparent process to improve groundwater management, legal language and stakeholder representation were established, consensus on a registry of water rights was obtained, and innovative strategies were explored. There remains work to be done but thetools applied in these case studies are more broadly applicable. The important role of local governments and civil society is amplified in states where ongoing conflict, cross-border refugees, displaced peoples, lack of financial resources and potential political corruption interfere with the capacity of national or regional governments to manage natural resources, including groundwater.

In Jordan and Kenya Chapter по ссылке, Hardberger and Aylwardessential measures at the local level can enable successful governance in communities that are distant from cities and in formal government structures. Rather than focussing on what centralized authorities can do, communities, local governments and non-government organizations can collaborate to manage local resources.

For instance, local capacity to manage groundwater resources can be built through proactive efforts to compile and share data on groundwater and tenure systems, in concert with activities to raise community awareness about the resource. Domestic c&c generals zero hour windows 115 and approaches to groundwater management can be deployed in a variety of ways and two chapters provide insights to management tools, one at the municipal scale and one at a national scale.

In India Chapter 4, Shinde and Sharmagroundwater management tools and measures have been incorporated into city Master Plans to protect water resources. For example, a floor area ratio FAR divides the total amount of usable floor area of a building by the area of the plot of land on which the building is situated.

This ratio is used to assess the density of a proposed development or redevelopment with respect to available water resources. The FAR has been successfully applied in Delhi to alter growth plans in neighbourhoods drawing from stressed aquifers.

This tool, and others, are transferable to other municipalities and download driver hp 10 other aspects of urban sustainability beyond groundwater as well. In China Chapter 5, Li et al.

Four levels of management priorities include: maintaining a dynamic water cycle; considering the needs of both nature and humans; keeping a reserve supply for unexpected events; and, prioritizing use to matchquality needs. Groundwater resources place a firm restraint on economic and social development. Through the application of this уникальная adobe captivate release 2017 free извиняюсь, groundwater consumption rates in China have stabilized with no recent growth.

Modelling tools are useful to understand the implications of potential scenarios and decision choices. Two chapters explore very different modelling tools, in context of other management techniques: one an economic model and the other a numerical groundwater model.