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To browse Academia. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we’ll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Human-Computer Interaction Fundamentals and Practice. Download Free PDF. PDF Pack. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use.

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Such software has long been evaluated in terms of the availability and breadth of its functions and its algorith- mic efficiency. This external view or user experience may be defined in many ways, but it is most obvi- ous that it has quite a lot to do with how the software users interact with it and, hence, its design.

HCI will become even more critical as everything around us becomes digital and unknowingly embed- ded with interactive computing services that make our everyday lives more exciting, efficient, and convenient. Therefore, software at least software that is highly interactive and targeted for a high number of users must now be developed with HCI as one of its higher priorities.

However, at the undergraduate level, it is still often the case that HCI is not given the attention it deserves in the education of future software developers. Some of these books may offer design patterns, but students at the under- graduate level might still find it puzzling as to how HCI fits in with their basic software development knowledge. In fact, most of the HCI concepts and guidelines are fairly commonsense or very easy to com- prehend. After all, how difficult would it be to make one understand that users are important?

But it is in the practice and within the con- text of actual development that one has to make the difficult choices to produce highly usable interactive software.

Following this line of thinking, this book was designed around the overall development cycle for an interactive software product.

It starts with the required basic HCI knowledge, which is kept as com- pact as possible by including only the basic essentials Chapters 1—3. The intention is to convey the spirit of HCI rather than a long list of compiled knowledge. The book then moves into the application of this knowledge by iteratively forming the HCI requirements and modeling the interaction process Chapter 4 , designing the interface Chapter 4 , implementing the resulting design Chapters 5—7 , and finally evaluating the implemented product Chapter 8.

The book is targeted mainly at undergraduate students of computer science and information technology IT , but it is easy enough to be taken up by readers in other fields. Some knowledge of computers and program- ming would be desirable, but it is not absolutely necessary. Those not interested in the detailed aspects of implementation can skip some of Chapters 5—7.

The core content of the book is based on the introductory under- graduate HCI course advanced junior or senior level that I have taught since at Korea University. The following table shows how one might structure a similar course using this book or pace oneself for self-teaching.

I sincerely hope that the book will help readers to develop and acquire an HCI mindset as an important step to becoming a capable IT pro- fessional in the field. The completion of this book was possible only with the greatest help and understanding from many people. They helped me with proofread- ing, drawing figures, formatting, and many other tasks in the midst of research, projects, classes, and all the other things that make up the life of a graduate student.

My dear colleagues in the HCI com- munity have also given me much valuable feedback regarding the content and structure of the book. In particular, I thank Prof. Jee-in Kim, Dr. Gun Lee, Prof. Woontak Woo, Prof. Jinwoo Kim, Prof. Jongwon Lee, Prof. Jong-il Park, Prof. Seokhee Jeon, Prof. Si-Jung Kim, Dr.

Ungyeon Yang, Prof. Junho Kim, Prof. Chang-Guen Song, Prof. Jin-seok Seo, Prof. Sookjin Kim, Prof. Junho Choi, and Prof. Mincheol Hwang. CRC Press has been very patient and prompt with assistance for all my writing problems, not to mention seeing the value in publishing this book. Finally, I thank my wife Sooah, my parents, and my children Andrew and Ellen for their understanding and just for being there! In , he moved to Korea University. Since , he has conducted research in the field of HCI, including virtual and mixed reality, mobile interaction, and multi- modal interaction.

Kim has written more than articles in international and domestic journals and conferences, and he is the author of Designing Virtual Reality Systems Springer, Interaction is a concept to be distinguished from another similar term, interface. Roughly speaking, interaction refers to an abstract model by which humans interact with the computing device for a given task, and an interface is a choice of technical realization hard- ware or software of such a given interaction model.

Thus, the letter I in HCI refers to both interaction and interface, encompassing the abstract model and the technological methodology Figure 1. HCI has become much more important in recent years as comput- ers and embedded devices have become commonplace in almost all facets of our lives.

Aside from merely making the necessary compu- tational functionalities available, the early focus of HCI has been in how to design interaction and implement interfaces for high usability. Interaction Model. Manipulation, Data Entry.. Figure 1. Usable and efficient interaction with the computing device in turn translates to higher productivity. The simple aesthetic appeal of interfaces while satisfying the need for usability is now a critical added requirement for commercial suc- cess as well.

Apple products are attractive and have created a multi- tude of faithful followers even though their functionality may be vir- tually equal to their competitors. A less acknowledged fact is how HCI has had a huge impact in the his- tory of computing and changed our daily lives.

Courtesy of Cox, J. The spread- sheet interface made business computing a huge success. The Internet phe- nomenon could not have happened without the web-browser interface. Smartphones, with their touch-oriented interfaces, have nearly replaced the previous generation of feature phones. Body-based and action-ori- ented interfaces are now introducing new ways to play and enjoy computer games. HCI still continues to redefine how we view, absorb, exchange, create, and manipulate information to our advantage Figure 1.

A considerable knowledge in many different fields is required. Over the relatively young history of HCI, researchers and developers in the field have accumulated and established basic principles for good HCI design in hopes of achieving some of the main objectives as a whole that were laid out in the previous section. Here, we provide a short review of the main HCI principles. This principle simply states that the interaction and interface should cater to the needs and capabilities of the target user of the system in design.

Ideally, comprehensive information e. Such information can be used to properly model interac- tion and pick the right interface solution for the target users. Consider a situation where a developer is working to change an inter- face, supposedly to achieve higher usability. However, we might need to remember that while young adults are extremely adept at and open to adopting new interfaces, older generations are much less so.

Here is another example. Males are generally known to be better than females in terms of spatial ability and, as such, one might consider such a fact in employing three-dimensional 3-D user interfaces. However, other studies point to females majoring in engineering and science to possess an equivalent level of spatial ability as their male counterparts [2]. So sometimes, conventional wisdom alone may not be sufficient to war- rant proper interface design.

These examples illustrate that there are a great many aspects that need to be considered in this regard. If a direct field study is not feasible, an experienced and humble HCI designer will at least try to leverage the vast knowledge available from cognitive psychology, ergonomics, and anthropomorphic data to assess the capa- bilities and characteristics of the target user group. Such a notion has become almost required in our advanced multicultural societies.

However, as wonderful as it sounds, it is generally very difficult to achieve this with a single interface. Usually, universal usability is achieved by justifying the investment required to build separate interfaces for distinct user groups. For example, in advanced countries, many government web pages are now legally required to provide interfaces in different languages and for color-blind and visually challenged users Figure 1.

 
 

Introduction to reports in Access

 
Move a field by selecting it and its label, if present , and then dragging it to the new location. For more information about creating group headers and footers, see the section Add grouping, sorting, or totals.

 

New Perspectives on Microsoft® Access® , Comprehensive, 1st Edition – – Cengage

 

Export data to a text file. Use mail merge to send Access data to Word. Export Access data to a Word document. Export data to dBASE. Export contacts to an Outlook address book. Export a table or query to a SharePoint site. Export Access web app tables to an Access desktop database – Access and Access only.

Manage linked tables. Save the details of an import or export operation as a specification. Run a saved import or export specification. Schedule an import or export specification. Manage Data Tasks – Dialog. Export linked data source information to Excel – Access and newer versions only. Work offline with tables that are linked to SharePoint lists. Need more help? Expand your skills. Get new features first.

Was this information helpful? Yes No. Thank you! Any more feedback? The more you tell us the more we can help. Can you help us improve? Resolved my issue. Clear instructions. For some file types, Access compresses each attachment as you add it. Attachment data types are available only in.

You can attach many kinds of files to a record. However, some file types that may pose security risks are blocked. As a rule, you can attach any file that was created in one of the Microsoft Office programs. You can also attach log files. For a list of supported image file formats, see the table later in this section.

The label text that is displayed for this field by default in forms, reports, and queries. If this property is empty, the name of the field is used.

Any text string is allowed. Access supports the following graphic file formats without the need for additional software being installed on your computer. In addition, file names must follow the following guidelines:. Names cannot contain the following characters: question marks?

Purpose Use an AutoNumber field to provide a unique value that serves no other purpose than to make each record unique. The most common use for an AutoNumber field is as a primary key, especially when no suitable natural key a key that is based on a data field is available. An AutoNumber field value requires 4 or 16 bytes, depending on the value of its Field Size property. Suppose that you have a table that stores contacts’ information. You can use contact names as the primary key for that table, but how do you handle two contacts with exactly the same name?

Names are unsuitable natural keys, because they are often not unique. If you use an AutoNumber field, each record is guaranteed to have a unique identifier.

Note: You should not use an AutoNumber field to keep a count of the records in a table. AutoNumber values are not reused, so deleted records can result in gaps in your count. Moreover, an accurate count of records can be easily obtained by using a Totals row in a datasheet. Determines the amount of space that is allocated for each value.

For AutoNumber fields, only two values are allowed:. This is the default value. You should not change this value unless you are creating a replication ID field. Note: Replication is not supported in databases that use a new file format, such as. This setting makes AutoNumber fields compatible with other Long Integer Number fields when they are used in relationships or joins. Each field value requires 4 bytes of storage. Do not use this value unless you are working in or implementing the design of a replicated database.

Determines whether AutoNumber field increments with each new value or uses random numbers. Select one of the following:. Increment Starts with the value 1 and incrementally increases by 1 for each new record. Random Starts with a random value and assigns a random value to each new record. Values are of the Long Integer field size, and range from -2,,, to 2,,, If you are using an AutoNumber field as a primary key or as a Replication ID, you should not set this property. Otherwise, choose a number format that meets your specific needs.

Yes No duplicates Creates a unique index on the field. Yes Duplicates OK Creates a non-unique index on the field. No Removes any index on the field. Note: Do not change this property for a field that is used in a primary key. Without a unique index, it is possible to enter duplicate values, which can break any relationships in which the key is a part. Although you can create an index on a single field by setting the Indexed field property, some kinds of indexes cannot be created in this manner.

For example, you cannot create a multi-field index by setting this property. Purpose Use to store the results of a calculation. Note, Calculated data types were first introduced in Access Calculated data types are available only in. The result of this calculation will be stored in the calculated column.

If this column has been saved, then only saved columns can be used in this expression. Determines the way that the field appears when it is displayed or printed in datasheets or in forms or reports that are bound to the field. You can use any valid number format. In most cases, you should set the Format value to match the result type. Data in a Currency field is not rounded off during calculations. A Currency field is accurate to 15 digits to the left of the decimal point and 4 digits to the right.

Each Currency field value requires 8 bytes of storage. In most cases, you should set the Format value to Currency. Displays editing characters to guide data entry. Supplies an expression that must be true whenever you add or change the value in this field.

Use in conjunction with the Validation Text property. Enter a message to display when a value that is entered violates the expression in the Validation Rule property. Determines the way that the field appears when it is displayed or printed in datasheets, or in forms or reports that are bound to the field. You can use a predefined format or build your own custom format. General Date By default, if the value is a date only, no time is displayed; if the value is a time only, no date is displayed.

This setting is a combination of the Short Date and Long Time settings. Example: Saturday, April 3, Medium Date Displays the date as dd-mmm-yyyy. Example: 3-Apr Long Time Same as the setting on the Time tab in the regional settings of Windows.

Example: PM. Short Time Displays the time as hours and minutes separated by the time separator, by using a hour clock. Example: Lists of components that you can use in custom formats. Type any combination of the following components to build a custom format.

For more information on Windows regional settings, see Windows Help. Note: Separators are set in the regional settings of Windows. For example, hh:mm. Any short string of characters, enclosed in quotation marks “” Custom separator. Quotation marks are not displayed. For example, “,” displays a comma. For example, PM. For example, pm. For example, P. For example, p. Enter a fractional precision to specify the number of digits to the right of the decimal point Allows entry by setting to Yes of a zero-length string “” in a Hyperlink, Text, or Memo field.

Yes Tracks changes. To view the field value history, right-click the field, and then click Show column history. Warning: Warning Setting this property to No deletes any existing field value history.

You can define a custom format for a Hyperlink field. Purpose Use to store a block of text that is more than characters long and is formatted text. Note, beginning in Access Memo data type has been renamed to Long Text. Warning: Setting this property to No deletes any existing field value history. You can define a custom format for a Memo field. Purpose Use to store a numeric value that isn’t a monetary value.

If you might use the values in the field to perform a calculation, use the Number data type. Byte — Use for integers that range from 0 to Storage requirement is 1 byte. Integer — Use for integers that range from , to 32, Storage requirement is 2 bytes. Long Integer — Use for integers that range from -2,,, to 2,,, Storage requirement is 4 bytes.

Tip: Use Long Integer when you create a foreign key to relate to another table’s AutoNumber primary key field. Single Use for numeric floating point values that range from Double Use for numeric floating point values that range from Storage requirement is 8 bytes. Replication ID Use for storing a globally unique identifier required for replication.

Storage requirement is 16 bytes. Note that replication is not supported using the. Decimal Use for numeric values that range from Storage requirement is 12 bytes.

Tip: For best performance, always specify the smallest sufficient Field Size. Purpose Use to store a Large numeric value that isn’t a monetary value. If you might use the values in the field to perform a calculation, use the Large Number data type. OLE Object fields support fewer file types than Attachment fields support. In addition, OLE Object fields do not let you attach multiple files to a single record.

Purpose Use to store up to characters of text. Note, beginning in Access the Text data type has been renamed to Short Text. Enter a value from 1 to Text fields can range from 1 to characters. For larger text fields, use the Memo data type. For example, if you are storing postal codes of a known length, you should specify that length as the Field Size. You can define a custom format for a Text field. Data types. Introduction to data types and field properties.

Tip: An effective caption is usually brief. Need more help? Expand your skills. Get new features first. Was this information helpful? Yes No. Thank you! Any more feedback?

The more you tell us the more we can help. Can you help us improve? Resolved my issue. Clear instructions. Easy to follow.

 
 

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